[116] She acted as her own publisher, which presented several problems, including finding space for the inventory. She was forced to limit the number of books she was storing in the attic of her sister's house because the weight was threatening to collapse the structure.[126]. "[12], When the Canajoharie Academy closed in 1849, Anthony took over the operation of the family farm in Rochester so her father could devote more time to his insurance business. [139] In 1907, a year after Anthony's death, a stained-glass window was installed at the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church in Rochester that featured her portrait and the words "Failure is Impossible", a quote from her that had become a watchword for the women's suffrage movement. The place where Anthony and other women led by her voted in 1872 now has a bronze sculpture of a locked ballot box flanked by two pillars, which is called the 1872 Monument, and was dedicated in August 2009, on the 89th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment. The Women's Christian Temperance Union, the largest women's organization in the country, also supported suffrage. "[167], In her history of the women's suffrage movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the moral force of the movement, if Lucy Stone was its most gifted orator and Mrs. Stanton its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable organizer, who gave it force and direction for half a century. In Rochester, the police had to escort Anthony and other speakers from the building for their own safety. Their father encouraged them all, girls as well as boys, to be self-supporting, teaching them business principles and giving them responsibilities at an early age. When Susan B. Anthony returned home from teaching in 1849, she joined her family in attending services there, and she remained with the Rochester Unitarians for the rest of her life. The timing was right because the nation was beginning to discuss women's suffrage as a serious matter. With a membership of 5000, it helped develop a new generation of women leaders, providing experience and recognition for not only Stanton and Anthony but also newcomers like Anna Dickinson, a gifted teenaged orator. The high point of Republican support was a non-committal reference to women's suffrage in the 1872 Republican platform. [185] She joined the Congregational Friends, an organization that was created by Quakers in western New York after the 1848 split among Quakers there. "[162] "Failure is impossible" quickly became a watchword for the women's movement. Mob action shut down her meetings in every town from Buffalo to Albany in early 1861. Anthony traveled extensively in support of women's suffrage, giving as many as 75 to 100 speeches per year and working on many state campaigns. Her ally Stanton agreed, saying "if that word 'male' be inserted, it will take us a century at least to get it out."[64]. [citation needed]. "[68] Anthony and Stanton continued to work for the inclusion of suffrage for both African Americans and women. A child one loves is a constant benediction to the soul, whether or not it helps to the accomplishment of great intellectual feats. In 1852, they founded the New York Women's State Temperance Society after Anthony was prevented from speaking at a temperance conference because she was female. "[89], The AWSA supported the amendment, but Lucy Stone, who became its most prominent leader, also made it clear that she believed that suffrage for women would be more beneficial to the country than suffrage for black men. [229], The artwork The Dinner Party, first exhibited in 1979, features a place setting for Anthony. Despite such friction, their relationship continued to be close. Troncale, Jennifer M., and Jennifer Strain. [110] [61] The League demonstrated the value of formal structure to a women's movement that had resisted being anything other than loosely organized up to that point. [7], In 1845, the family moved to a farm on the outskirts of Rochester, New York, purchased partly with the inheritance of Anthony's mother. "[125] [161] At her birthday celebration in Washington D.C. a few days earlier, Anthony had spoken of those who had worked with her for women's rights: "There have been others also just as true and devoted to the cause—I wish I could name every one—but with such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible! In 1852, she was elected as a delegate to the state temperance convention, but the chairman stopped her when she tried to speak, saying that women delegates were there only to listen and learn. Unanimously adopting a resolution introduced by Anthony, the convention voted to transform itself into the American Equal Rights Association (AERA), whose purpose was to campaign for the equal rights of all citizens, especially the right of suffrage. Hunt instead announced he would not order her taken into custody, closing off that legal avenue.[120]. [65] 36,000 women were attending colleges and universities, up from zero a few decades earlier. Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, served as presidents of the NAWSA after Anthony retired from that position. Organized primarily by Catt, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance was created in Berlin in 1904. The U.S. Supreme Court in 1875 put an end to the strategy of trying to achieve women's suffrage through the court system when it ruled in Minor v. Happersett that "the Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone". [137] When the show opened, he rode his horse directly to her and greeted her with dramatic flair. "[32], Anthony continued to speak at state teachers' conventions for several years, insisting that women teachers should receive equal pay with men and serve as officers and committee members within the organization.[33]. [95], "By the end of the Civil War," according to historian Ann D. Gordon, "Susan B. Anthony occupied new social and political territory. [34] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from the Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced that the right which woman needed above every other, the one indeed which would secure to her all others, was the right of suffrage. Featuring 250,000 artworks by over 45,000 artists. [107], The NWSA convention of 1871 adopted a strategy of urging women to attempt to vote, and then, after being turned away, to file suits in federal courts to challenge laws that prevented women from voting. [94] [154], She remained as leader of the NAWSA and continued to travel extensively on suffrage work. [102] Always I have felt I must have Mrs. Stanton's opinion of things before I knew where I stood myself. [244], Susan B. Anthony Day is a commemorative holiday to celebrate the birth of Anthony and women's suffrage in the United States. Written by leaders of one wing of the divided women's movement (Lucy Stone, their main rival, refused to have anything to do with the project), it does not, however, give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. There is reason to believe, however, that Anthony and Stanton hoped to draw the volatile Train away from his cruder forms of racism, and that he had actually begun to do so. [180][186] Anthony served as secretary of this group in 1857. In a speech in 1889, she noted that women had always been taught that their purpose was to serve men, but "Now, after 40 years of agitation, the idea is beginning to prevail that women were created for themselves, for their own happiness, and for the welfare of the world. The last two volumes, which bring the history up to 1920, were completed in 1922 by Harper after Anthony's death. Ranked in the top 100 most-visited art museums worldwide by Art Newspaper, the leading publication in global art news, Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park has grown to become an international destination.The sculpture program features more than 200 works in the permanent collection sited both indoors and outdoors on the 158-acre main campus. Stanton was voted out as president, whereupon she and Anthony resigned from the organization.[27]. [153] Her belief is not orthodox, but it is religious. Manuscript of speech in the Susan B. Anthony Papers collection at the Library of Congress. Anthony was dissatisfied with her own writing ability and wrote relatively little for publication. Her seventieth birthday was celebrated at a national event in Washington with prominent members of the House and Senate in attendance. One wing, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was willing for black men to achieve suffrage first and wanted to maintain close ties with the Republican Party and the abolitionist movement. In 1890, the two organizations merged as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), with Stanton as president but with Anthony as its effective leader. [103][104], The work of all segments of the women's suffrage movement began to show clear results. In 1876, Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Gage on what eventually grew into the six-volume History of Woman Suffrage. This group soon ceased to operate as a religious body, however, and changed its name to the Friends of Human Progress, organizing annual meetings in support of social reform that welcomed everyone, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans". After twenty-nine months, mounting debts forced Anthony to transfer the paper to Laura Curtis Bullard, a wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a less radical tone. The widespread network of women activists who assisted the League expanded the pool of talent that was available to reform movements, including the women's suffrage movement, after the war. Cautious, careful people, always casting about to preserve their reputation and social standing, never can bring about a reform. She succeeded her half-sister Mary I in 1558. Stanton's husband said, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and then Susan stirs up the world! On the second day of the trial, after both sides had presented their cases, Justice Hunt delivered his lengthy opinion, which he had put in writing. "[205] Lynn Sherr, author of a biography of Anthony, said that Anthony never stated her views on abortion, saying, "I looked desperately for some kind of evidence one way or the other as to what her position was, and it just wasn’t there. Initial funding was provided by George Francis Train, the controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with his political and racial views. The interests of Anthony and Stanton diverged somewhat in later years, but the two remained close friends. She took her lecture and petition campaign into almost every county in New York during the winter of 1855 despite the difficulty of traveling in snowy terrain in horse and buggy days. [148] There they associated with a group of Quaker social reformers who had left their congregation because of the restrictions it placed on reform activities, and who in 1848 formed a new organization called the Congregational Friends. The existing International Council of Women could not be expected to support a campaign for women's suffrage because it was a broad alliance whose more conservative members would object. While in Europe in 1883, Anthony helped a desperately poor Irish mother of six children. Anthony handled the production details and the extensive correspondence with contributors. "[138], After Anthony retired as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen successor, began working toward an international women's suffrage association, one of Anthony's long-time goals. If Hunt had ordered her to be jailed until she paid the fine, Anthony could have taken her case to the Supreme Court. The announcement was made on the 100th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution giving women the right to vote. Schooling herself in reform issues, she found herself drawn to the more radical ideas of people like William Lloyd Garrison, George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. By the end of summer, the AERA campaign had almost collapsed, and its finances were exhausted. Morris and James. [217] A second stamp honoring Anthony was issued in April 1958. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; DuBois, Ellen Carol (1992). Think of it! At age 75, she toured Yosemite National Park on the back of a mule. In 1853, Anthony worked with William Henry Channing, her activist Unitarian minister, to organize a convention in Rochester to launch a state campaign for improved property rights for married women, which Anthony would lead. Anthony increased the pressure by covertly initiating a petition that was signed by wives and daughters of Supreme Court judges, senators, cabinet members and other dignitaries. An entry in her diary in 1861 read, "Fitted out a fugitive slave for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman. She said, "We no longer petition Legislature or Congress to give us the right to vote. 6, Stanton's diary, January 9, 1889, quoted in Griffith (1984), p. 195. Hester C. Jeffrey, who spoke at Anthony's funeral, and arranged the creation of the first memorial to her. [49] In Syracuse, according to a local newspaper, "Rotten eggs were thrown, benches broken, and knives and pistols gleamed in every direction. [88] In 1873, Anthony said, "An oligarchy of wealth, where the rich govern the poor; an oligarchy of learning, where the educated govern the ignorant; or even an oligarchy of race, where the Saxon rules the African, might be endured; but surely this oligarchy of sex, which makes the men of every household sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; carrying dissension, rebellion into every home of the Nation, cannot be endured. [190], After Anthony reduced her arduous travel schedule and made her home in Rochester in 1891, she resumed regular attendance at First Unitarian and also worked with the Gannetts on local reform projects. Anthony's mother was a Methodist and helped raise their children in a more tolerant version of her husband's religious tradition. The woman who will not be ruled must live without marriage. Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. When historians illustrate her thoughts with direct quotes, they usually take them from her speeches, letters, and diary entries. [17], The two women had complementary skills. [71] [75] Founded by Anthony Morris in 1977, Morris & James pioneered the use of production processes to assist in throwing large pots and ceramicware. '"[195] Sculpture Collection & Exhibitions. Part of the revolution, in Anthony's view, was in ways of thinking. The legal basis for the challenge would be the recently adopted Fourteenth Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States". [106], To ensure continuity, Anthony trained a group of younger activists, who were known as her "nieces," to assume leadership roles within the organization. With her parents' support, she was soon fully engaged in reform work. Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross, said just before Anthony's death, "A few days ago someone said to me that every woman should stand with bared head before Susan B. Anthony. "[21] If she obtained a divorce, which was difficult to do, he could easily end up with sole guardianship of the children. [136], "Buffalo Bill" Cody invited her as a guest to his Wild West Show, located just outside the Exposition. [13] For the rest of her life, she lived almost entirely on fees she earned as a speaker. [57] In the largest petition drive in the nation's history up to that time, the League collected nearly 400,000 signatures to abolish slavery, representing approximately one out of every twenty-four adults in the Northern states. [14], Anthony embarked on her career of social reform with energy and determination. Anthony presided at the 1858 convention, and when the planning committee for national conventions was reorganized, Stanton became its president and Anthony its secretary. In 1876, she moved into the Stanton household in New Jersey along with several trunks and boxes of these materials to begin working with Stanton on the History of Woman Suffrage. Anthony viewed the program as an opportunity to increase employment of women in a trade from which women were often excluded by both employers and unions.